As far as written history takes us back, we find the land already divided up and privately owned, which is in accordance with the relatively advanced commodity production and the corresponding trade in commodities developed towards the end of the upper stage of barbarism. 从有成文历史的时候起,土地已被分割而成了私有财产,这种情形正是和野蛮时代高级阶段末期已经比较发达的商品生产以及与之相适应的商品交易相符合的。