According to this generalization, language learners or non native speakers have the problems of both competence and performance. 非本国语的人由于在语言行为中判断失误,会犯语用错误。
Of these 7000 languages, about 80 are " vehicular " languages, such as Chinese, Hindi, Spanish and arabic-languages learned by non - native speakers in order to communicate with native speakers of a third tongue. 在这七千多种语言里,大约有80种是媒介语,即为了与不同母语者沟通而习得的第三语,如中文、印度语、西班牙语和阿拉伯语。